CHAPTER 3: MATTER - SCIENCE STANDARD FOUR NOTES

CHAPTER 3: MATTER – SCIENCE STANDARD FOUR NOTES

Explain the concept (Characteristics of states of matter)

What is matter?

Matter is anything that has weight (mass) and occupies space. All matters are made up of atoms.

States of matter

There are three states of matter which are:-

Solid state
Liquid state
Gaseous state

I. SOLID STATE

What is solid state?

Solid states are the matters that are composed of particles packed tightly together.

Examples of solid matters are:-

Stone
Sand
Clay
Pencil

Stone

Pencil

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLID STATES OF MATTER

They have a definite shape
The atoms are tightly packed together
They can be seen easily
They can be touched
They can be carried easily without need for containers.
They are hard
They cannot easily change shapes
Particles on a solid matter

II. LIQUID STATE

What is liquid state?

Liquid state is any substance that can flow freely to occupy space.

Examples of liquid state are:-

Water
Porridge
Tea
Juice
Cooking oil

Juice

Water

cooking oil

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID MATTER / STATE

They have no definite shape
They only take shapes of the containers where they are kept.
They are soft
They cannot be held easily without a container.
The particles of liquid matter are not tightly packed together like in solid.
Particles in liquid matter

III. GASEOUS STATE

What is gaseous state?

Gas is any air – like substance that can expand freely to occupy space.

Example of gaseous state are: –

Oxygen is the natural gas we breathe in
Carbon dioxide is the gas we breathe out. Plants breathe in carbon dioxide and breathe out oxygen.
Carbon monoxide is the dirty gas especially from industries or vehicles.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GASEOUS STATE

It has no definite shape
It cannot be seen
It takes a shape of a container where it is kept or closed.
It is found everywhere

The particles of gaseous state are freely a part

EXERCISE

What is matter?
State three states of matter
___________________
___________________
___________________
Give out three characteristics of each state of matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Differentiate between solid state and liquid state. (Give 3 points)
Differentiate liquid state from gaseous state.

HOW TO USE CHANGES OF STATES OF WATER

Liquid state of water can be used by the followings:-

It is used for cooking
It is used for irrigation
It is used for drinking
It is used for washing
It is used for bathing

Solid state of water can be used by the following ways

It is used for making ice cream
It is used to preserve different items such as perishable goods like fish, meat

Gaseous state of water can be used by the following way.

Operate engine machine
Producing energy

Doing experiment on freezing point of water

(i) Freezing point of water

What is freezing point of water?

Freezing point of water is the temperature at which water starts to freeze (to become ice) the freezing point of water is O^OC.

(ii) Activity which show freezing point of water

Measuring temperature of water before and after freezing

Materials

Refrigerator
Table
Thermometer-Instrument used to measure temperature
Water
Plastic cup

Procedures

Take a plastic cup containing water and place it on the table.
Take a thermometer; slowly dip it into the water while holding it at the tip.
Record the temperature of the water in your exercise book.
Note: Record the temperature of the water at intervals while the thermometer is inside the water.
Remove the thermometer and place the cup containing water in the freezer. Then record the temperature after every 30 minutes. Continue recording the temperature until ice start to appear.

(iii) Experiment which indicate the freezing point of water

Materials

Water
Water container
Thermometer
Freeze
Measuring cylinder
Pen
Notebook

Procedures

To guide pupils to put water into the water container.
To guide pupils to measure the temperature of water in a container by using thermometer.
To guide pupils to record the temperature of water.
To guide pupils to put water into the freezer.
To guide pupils, wait until water starts to boil.
To guide pupils to measure the temperature of water when starts to freeze
To guide pupils to record temperature obtained from the above step

Results

When water starts to freeze the temperature obtained from the above step.

(iv) Importance of freezing point of water

It used to make ice that is used for different purpose such as first aids
It kills microorganisms such as bacteria.

(c) Doing experiment on boiling point of water

(i) Meaning of boiling point of water

Boiling point of water is a temperature at which water starts to boil (to become gas)

The boil point of water is 100^Oc

(ii) Activity which show boiling point of water

Measuring the temperature of boiling water

Materials

A stove or any source of heat, water, pot and thermometer

Procedure

Place a pot with water on a turned stove.
Slowly dip the thermometer into the water when it starts to boil and record the temperature.
Record the temperature of boiling water.

Results

When temperature of water reaches 100 degrees Celsius or 212 degrees Fahrenheit, the water boils. This temperature is called boiling point of water.

$C:\Users\1\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Temporary Internet Files\Content.Word\5aac6ceb99f48b6fa1a5f0b51cf374d2-1.jpg$

(iii) Doing experiment which indicates the boiling point of water

Materials

Stove
Cattle
Water
Thermometer
Pen
Notebook

Procedures

To guide pupils to lit the stove.
To guide pupils to put cattle on the stove
To guide pupils to put water in the cattle
To guide pupils to wait until water starts to boil
To guide pupils to measure the temperature of water when starts to boil ( to become gas)
To guide pupils to record in a paper the measure temperature of water in the above steps.

Results

Water starts boil at 100^OC this is boiling point of water.

(iv) Importance of boiling point of water

Boiling water helps during cooking foods
Evaporation of water from water bodies causes rain fall.
Separation of mixtures in the solution is done by vaporization.
Steam helps to run engines of some trains and machines.
Boiling point of water makes water to be safe for drinking.
Boiling point of water kills disease causing organisms that may be present in water.

EXERCISE

Choose the correct answer

_____________ is a statement put forward to explain about something.
Proof (b) Theorem (c) Principle ( )
Compound formed when hydrogen combine with oxygen is called_______
Water (b) Mixture (c) Oil ( )
The following are the properties of water expert ____________
It has colour (b) It is tasteless (c) It does not have colour ( )
The following are the examples of solid matter expect _________
Wood (b) Porridge (c) Stone ( )
__________ are particles that make up matter.
Atoms (b) Porridge (c) Stone ( )

EXERCISE

Match items from list B to list A

	LIST A		LIST B
1.	Solid, liquid, gaseous	A	Gaseous state of water
2.	O^OC	B	Mushroom
3.	Oxygen, Nitrogen	C	Solid state of water
4.	Ice	D	Examples of gaseous
5.	Vapour	E	Freezing point of water
		F	States of matter
		G	Gases state of alcohol

LIST A	1.	2.	3.	4.	5.
LIST B

6. State 5 properties of water

(a) ____________________

(b) ____________________

(d) ____________________

(e) ____________________

7. Mention two importance of boiling point of water

(i) _____________________

(ii) ____________________

8.________________ is a symbol of water.

EXERCISE

1. Draw the structure of the following states of matter.

(a) Liquid

(b) Solid

2. The process whereby liquid state of water turns into ice is called ____________

3. Mention three states of matter

(i) __________________

(ii) __________________

(iii) __________________

4. Write TRUE or FALSE

i. Water is very important to the living organism _______________

ii. Water can exist three states of matter ____________________

iii. Vapour from the land and water bodies rises to the sky and forms clouds and rain ____________

7. Liquid water is heavier than vapour and ice _______________

CHAPTER 3: MATTER – SCIENCE STANDARD FOUR NOTES

CLICK HERE TO GET PDF NOTES

Post Views: 77